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€ðxðèl½    '4    oð2ð$…ÞŸ¶š@ÀkHtýÓ8 Ïÿ5bð$ÚulëÕ¶¤‚ºìKäc¡ÿd5bð$}7N&Qï!‡‡‡Qÿs™bð$ÍgÂÕ‹ÊÏxK¹$™z-{ÿD bð$ÑaÅP˦Ì÷ËßÝHôÞÿJPbð$kDõj|®bú¤‘Úÿ>š!ƒ ð0ƒ†A¿ÀÅAÿ€ñ ÿ™33Ì3€€3f™3™ÿ3ÿÿÿ@ñÿÿ™fÿf÷ð8ó€ó€Ð9ÿ FlO Êš;Søk8Êš;úgþý4BdBd ¸z[ 0ˆÿÿÿ¶þÿÿpûppû@ <ý4!d!dL¸ß 0ˆ¹p<ý4ddddL¸ß 0ˆ¹p<ý4BdBdL¸ß 0ˆ¹pˆ¶Š0º___PPT10‹ pµpµŠvº___PPT9‹X®P¯ ¬€ÿÿ¯¬€ÿÿ?Ù Ú%OÙ Ú=ð×óŸ¨Chemical Energetics 1:Ÿ¨0All chemical reactions involve an energy change.¡(1$ÿ3þ.$ÿ3þó Ÿ¨Chemical Energetics 2:Ÿ ˜Instead of writing  energy change all the time chemists use the symbols: ¡`Kþ " dþ(" dK$ÿÿþ‚((ª$)óŸ¨Temperature Changes 1Ÿ¨ØSome reactions cause the temperature of the reaction mixture to increase. This type of reaction is called exothermic. Heat energy is given out by the reaction mixture hence the surroundings increase in temperature.¡@Ù@ ÿþ ÿ3þaó Ÿ¨Temperature Changes 2Ÿ¨ØSome reactions cause the temperature of the reaction mixture to decrease. This type of reaction is called endothermic. Heat energy is taken in by the reaction mixture hence the surroundings decrease in temperature.¡@Ù@ ÿþ ÿ3þ`óŸ¨Representing Energy Changes:Ÿ¨ The energy changes in a chemical reaction can be conveniently represented using energy level diagrams Energy level diagrams make it easier to decide whether a reaction is exothermic (gives out heat and gets hotter) or endothermic (takes in heat and gets cooler).¡dR¢R$ÿþÿþ¡ÿfþóŸ¨Energy Level DiagramsŸ ²This energy level diagram shows a reaction where DðH is negative (an exothermic reaction).¡NZ1‚‚‚ó Ÿ¨Making and Breaking Bonds:Ÿ¨+Making chemical bonds is always exothermic.¡8,$ÿfþ$ÿfþ $ÿfþó Ÿ¨Reaction Profiles:Ÿ¨²These are a more detailed version of the energy level diagrams previously looked at. They show the endothermic bond breaking and the exothermic bond making stages of a reaction.¡2³Uÿÿþÿÿþ]ÿÿþó Ÿ¨Reaction Profile for: ¡Ÿ H2 + Cl2 ®ð 2HCl¡v(ÿÿþ(ÿÿþçÿ(ÿÿþ(ÿÿþ(ÿÿþçÿ†(ÿÿþó Ÿ¨Calculating Energy Changes: Ÿ ’The energy change for a reaction can be calculated using  bond energies .¡JJÿÿ™þó Ÿ¨Reaction Profile for: ¡Ÿ H2 + Cl2 ®ð 2HCl¡v(ÿÿþ(ÿÿþçÿ(ÿÿþ(ÿÿþ(ÿÿþçÿ†(ÿÿþó Ÿ¨An Example Calculation:Ÿ¨5Consider the reaction between hydrogen and chlorine: ¡@5ÿ " d25ÿÿþó Ÿ¨Reaction Profile for: ¡Ÿ H2 + Cl2 ®ð 2HCl¡v(ÿÿþ(ÿÿþçÿ(ÿÿþ(ÿÿþ(ÿÿþçÿ†(ÿÿþó Ÿ¨-Chemical reactions take place in two stages: ¡.d.ÿ3þŸ¨dEndothermic reactions get cold, they take in heat. 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For example: When petrol burns heat is given out. When ammonium nitrate dissolves in water heat is taken in.¡PZ 2` Y€ÿÿþ€ ÿÿþ`€ÿÿþðB ð s ð*“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€ÿÿÌ3Ì€ffˆcŠ[º___PPT10‹;ê.+¶l×eDñÛ'ñ ¹ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ Dñ–'ñ ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @BñAñ?%ñ,(ñ <ñ +O%ñ,(ñ <ñ +DñÍ'ñ ·=ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñU'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñý'ñ =ñA@BñBñ Bñ°Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñèDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ#'ñ ô=ñ+ñë4ñ 8?ñnCñBñ!#ppt_y-#ppt_h/2BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_wBñCñèBñ#ppt_wBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_w<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÏ4ñ 8?ñRCñBñBñCñèBñ#ppt_hBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_h<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ+8+0+ +îÃï€ù8»K0 8ð0ðLðÎð( ð ðLð² ðL c ð$€ä2¿ÿ lˆ"ñ¿ðÀ ÿpð<$ñD 0à 2 ð žðŒ ðL s ð*€¸2¿ÿ lˆ"ñ¿ðÀpðà 2 ð žðÖ¢ ðL ƒ ð0€t2¿ƒ¿Àÿð@À ð,$ñDè  0 ðBŸ DðH¡" ‘‡`ÿ3þðj¢ ðL ƒ ð0€¤2¿ƒ¿Àÿð0 €Ð6 ð Ÿ ÈPronounced  delta aitch . Dð=greek letter  delta meaning change. H=heat. So, DðH means  heat change .¡&e d€ƒ €ðB ðL s ð*“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€ÿÿÌ3Ì€ffˆ Š º___PPT10‹ó ê.+’ÎÅÌDñ[ 'ñ ¹ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ Dñ 'ñ ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @BñAñ?%ñ,(ñ <ñ +O%ñ,(ñ <ñ +DñM 'ñ ·=ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ°'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñX'ñ =ñA@BñBñ Bñ °Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*Lÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ¿'ñ ô=ñ-ñ‡6ñBñ+checkerboard(across)*ñ<3ñ<ñû*LÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñôDñÅ'ñ =ñA@BñBñ Bñ°Bñ0Bñ@ñÈB%ñ(ñèEñÜ'ñ =ñ4 Bñ`BñPBñ`Bñ?<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñ /%ñ,(ñ <ñ +Dñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*Lÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÏ4ñ 8?ñRCñBñBñCñèBñ#ppt_wBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_w<ñû*LÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÏ4ñ 8?ñRCñBñBñCñèBñ#ppt_hBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_h<ñû*LÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñƒ'ñ ô=ñ+ñK4ñ 8?ñÎCñBñBñ‰#ppt_x+(cos(-2*pi*(1-$))*-#ppt_x-sin(-2*pi*(1-$))*(1-#ppt_y))*(1-$)CñèBñ€?Bñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*LÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñƒ'ñ ô=ñ+ñK4ñ 8?ñÎCñBñBñ‰#ppt_y+(sin(-2*pi*(1-$))*-#ppt_x+cos(-2*pi*(1-$))*(1-#ppt_y))*(1-$)CñèBñ€?Bñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*Lÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ+p+0+L2 ++0+L2 +îÑï €ù8»K0 àðØð ðvð( ð ðð€ ð S ð€ 52¿ÿ h"ñ¿ðÀðð0ðà  2 ð žðž ð S ð€<2¿ÿ h"ñ¿ðÀð° ðà 2 ð*ž¦øi%•-5¥ðR ð  s ð*…‡¿Àÿðð0à ð^² ð  “ ð6Aƒ¿ÀËŸoÿ?ð `Ëð ðN² ð C ð&AÁuarrowðPäàSðN² ð C ð&AÁuarrowðxäà{ðN² ð C ð&AÁuarrowðâîêåðN² ð C ð&AÁuarrowð äà ðB ð s ð*“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð 33ÿÿÿÿÿÿÌÌÌ™ÿfÌf™ÿˆŠyº___PPT10‹Y+Dñ='ñ ¹ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +îGï €ù8»K0 VðNðð Hðìð( ð ðHð† ðH c ð$€L[2¿ÿ hˆ"ñ¿ðÀðð0ðà  2 ð žð¤ ðH c ð$€¬a2¿ÿ hˆ"ñ¿ðÀð`° ðà 2 ð*ž¦øi%•-5¥ðR ðH s ð*…‡¿ÀÿððÀ  ð^² ðH “ ð6Aƒ¿ÀËŸoÿ?ð ð[ð ðR² ðH C ð*AÁag00090_ðP€|SðR² ðH C ð*AÁag00090_ðЀ|ÓðR² ð H C ð*AÁag00090_ðP€|SðR² ð H C ð*AÁag00090_ð €|£ ðR² ð H C ð*AÁag00090_ðð €|ó ðB ðH s ð*“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð 33ÿÿÿÿÿÿÌÌÌ™ÿfÌf™ÿˆŠyº___PPT10‹Y+Dñ='ñ ¹ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +îÐ ï €ù8»K0 ðàð ð­ð( ð‰ ðð€ ð S ð€¨ƒ2¿ÿ h"ñ¿ðÀÀ@ðà  2 ð žðž ð S ð€Š2¿ÿ h"ñ¿ð@4á ðà 2 ð*ž¦ø!m)™1¡9©ðLB ð  c ð$D¿Àÿfÿð€ðó¢ ð  ƒ ð0€’2¿ƒ¿Àÿðá а(ð,$ñDè  0 ð_Ÿ¨!See next slide for some examples.¡""( 2"€ÿÿþðB ð s ð*“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð 33ÿÿÿÿÿÿÌÌÌ™ÿfÌf™ÿˆIŠAº___PPT10‹!+ìîÓCDñÍ'ñ ¹ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ Dñˆ'ñ ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @BñAñ?%ñ,(ñ <ñ +O%ñ,(ñ <ñ +Dñ¿'ñ ·=ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñG'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñï'ñ =ñA@BñBñ Bñ °Bñ0Bñ@ñÈB%ñ(ñèDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû* ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ ,=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ0-#ppt_w/2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû* ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ ,=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ0-#ppt_h/2BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû* ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ+8+0+ / +îN,ï €ù8»K0 & ð Ððð¼ ð( ð€$Q«g ðð€ ð S ð€0ž/¿ÿ h"ñ¿ðUðà  / ð žðÊ ð S ð€ÌG¿ÿ h"ñ¿ðe ð<$ñ  0à / ð*ž¦ø!m)™1¡9©ðLB ð c ð$D¿Àÿfÿð€ðÈ¢ ð  ƒ ð0€¨M¿ƒ¿ÀÿðAq €»ð,$ñD¸   0 ð4Ÿ ´This energy level diagram shows a reaction where DðH is positive (an endothermic reaction).¡d[þ n<1ƒ…ƒƒðLB ð  c ð$D¿Àÿfÿð' ' àðCðl ð^§$ I ðð§^$ Ið,$ñDè  0ðV² ð  C ð&€€AÁaxeswxðN§¥Ið©¢ ð  ƒ ð0€S¿ƒ¿ÀÿðX”RŽ ðAŸ¨ Reactants¡ 2 ð`B ð ƒ ð0D¿ÀËjJÑÿð°©°‹ 𨢠ð ƒ ð0€”V¿ƒ¿Àÿðȯ þ©  ð@Ÿ¨Products¡ 2 ðè¢ ð ƒ ð0€üY¿ƒ¿ÀÿðáÔ$ Ž  ð€Ÿ 0DðH negative, exothermic.¡4 2‡ÿÿþÿÿþð° ð £ ð<Z€<^¿ƒ¿Àÿð^Xû  ð<Ÿ¨energy¡ ðgðl ðq Í$o ððÍq $oð,$ñDè  0ðV² ð C ð&€€AÁaxesenð8 Íoð¹ ð ³ ðB€¬b…‡¿ƒ¿Àÿð} M oG  ð?Ÿ¨ Reactants¡  ðº ð ³ ðB€Üf…‡¿ƒ¿ÀÿðÉ´X® ð@Ÿ¨Products¡ 2 ð`B ð‚ ƒ ð0D¿ÀËjJÑÿð²Á²M ðÞ ð “ ð6€äj¿ƒ¿ÀÿðÞÐ$Š  ðpŸ 2DðH positive, endothermic.¡" 2‡ÿÿþð¼ ð à ðHZ€\n…‡¿ƒ¿Àÿðq k û  ð<Ÿ¨energy¡ ðB ð s ð*“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð 33ÿÿÿÿÿÿÌÌÌ™ÿfÌf™ÿˆ¸Š°º___PPT10‹ê.+p3B¤Dñø'ñ ¹ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ Dñ³'ñ ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @BñAñ?%ñ,(ñ <ñ +O%ñ,(ñ <ñ +Dñê'ñ ·=ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñÅ'ñ =ñA@BñBñ Bñ°Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*Z%ñ(ñDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÏ4ñ 8?ñRCñBñBñCñèBñ#ppt_wBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_w<ñû*ZDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÏ4ñ 8?ñRCñBñBñCñèBñ#ppt_hBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_h<ñû*ZDñƒ'ñ è=ñ+ñK4ñ 8?ñÎCñBñBñ‰#ppt_x+(cos(-2*pi*(1-$))*-#ppt_x-sin(-2*pi*(1-$))*(1-#ppt_y))*(1-$)CñèBñ€?Bñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*ZDñƒ'ñ è=ñ+ñK4ñ 8?ñÎCñBñBñ‰#ppt_y+(sin(-2*pi*(1-$))*-#ppt_x+cos(-2*pi*(1-$))*(1-#ppt_y))*(1-$)CñèBñ€?Bñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*ZDñ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñèDñ¸'ñ =ñ4@BñBñ Bñ°Bñ%ñ(ñèDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÏ4ñ 8?ñRCñBñBñCñèBñ#ppt_wBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_w<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÏ4ñ 8?ñRCñBñBñCñèBñ#ppt_hBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_h<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñƒ'ñ è=ñ+ñK4ñ 8?ñÎCñBñBñ‰#ppt_x+(cos(-2*pi*(1-$))*-#ppt_x-sin(-2*pi*(1-$))*(1-#ppt_y))*(1-$)CñèBñ€?Bñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñƒ'ñ è=ñ+ñK4ñ 8?ñÎCñBñBñ‰#ppt_y+(sin(-2*pi*(1-$))*-#ppt_x+cos(-2*pi*(1-$))*(1-#ppt_y))*(1-$)CñèBñ€?Bñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñ¸ DñÅ'ñ =ñA@BñBñ Bñ°Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñ¸ Dñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû* ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÏ4ñ 8?ñRCñBñBñCñèBñ#ppt_wBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_w<ñû* ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÏ4ñ 8?ñRCñBñBñCñèBñ#ppt_hBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_h<ñû* ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñƒ'ñ è=ñ+ñK4ñ 8?ñÎCñBñBñ‰#ppt_x+(cos(-2*pi*(1-$))*-#ppt_x-sin(-2*pi*(1-$))*(1-#ppt_y))*(1-$)CñèBñ€?Bñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû* ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñƒ'ñ è=ñ+ñK4ñ 8?ñÎCñBñBñ‰#ppt_y+(sin(-2*pi*(1-$))*-#ppt_x+cos(-2*pi*(1-$))*(1-#ppt_y))*(1-$)CñèBñ€?Bñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû* ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñXDñ¸'ñ =ñ4@BñBñ Bñ°Bñ%ñ(ñèDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÏ4ñ 8?ñRCñBñBñCñèBñ#ppt_wBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_w<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÏ4ñ 8?ñRCñBñBñCñèBñ#ppt_hBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_h<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñƒ'ñ è=ñ+ñK4ñ 8?ñÎCñBñBñ‰#ppt_x+(cos(-2*pi*(1-$))*-#ppt_x-sin(-2*pi*(1-$))*(1-#ppt_y))*(1-$)CñèBñ€?Bñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñƒ'ñ è=ñ+ñK4ñ 8?ñÎCñBñBñ‰#ppt_y+(sin(-2*pi*(1-$))*-#ppt_x+cos(-2*pi*(1-$))*(1-#ppt_y))*(1-$)CñèBñ€?Bñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ+p+0+ ++0+  +îoï €ù8»K0 —ðÀð ð-ð( ð€Õl¨ÃMœÚMüÃM ð ð€ ð S ð€Ã2¿ÿ h"ñ¿ð¼éâøðà  2 ð žðÆ ð S ð€Ê2¿ÿ h"ñ¿ðøœ~tð<$ñ  0à 2 ð&ž¦xä0ì\ôdð"¢ ð ƒ ð0€pÎ2¿ƒ¿Àÿð*€—ð,$ñDÐ  0 ðŽŸ¨.Breaking chemical bonds is always endothermic.¡D/ 2€ ÿÿþ” ÿÿþ€ ÿÿþðŽ¢ ð ƒ ð0€èÒ2¿ƒ¿Àÿð©œý ð,$ñDÐ 0 ðúŸ ¾All chemical reactions involve bond  rearrangements . Bonds are broken and new ones are formed.¡ ` 2`€ðߢ ð ƒ ð0€ÌÖ2¿ƒ¿Àÿð¹ œ~Ðð|$ñDÐ  0ˆHŠ@º___PPT9‹"¬ ðûŸ¨wChemical reactions are in two stages: Breaking bonds, an endothermic process. Making new bonds, an exothermic process.¡R' 2Q &€ ÿfþ€ ÿfþQ€ÿÿþ¦ø @`€ ðB ð s ð*“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð 33ÿÿÿÿÿÿÌÌÌ™ÿfÌf™ÿˆhŠ`º___PPT10‹@ê.+î›+Dñ8'ñ ¹ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ Dñó'ñ ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @BñAñ?%ñ,(ñ <ñ +O%ñ,(ñ <ñ +Dñ*'ñ ·=ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñ¹'ñ =ñA@BñBñ Bñ °Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû* ,%ñ(ñDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÏ4ñ 8?ñRCñBñBñCñèBñ#ppt_wBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_w<ñû* ,Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_hBñCñèBñ#ppt_hBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_h<ñû* ,Dñ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñôDñ¹'ñ =ñA@BñBñ Bñ °Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñÐDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû* ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÏ4ñ 8?ñRCñBñBñCñèBñ#ppt_wBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_w<ñû* ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_hBñCñèBñ#ppt_hBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_h<ñû* ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ#'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñ¸ DñË'ñ =ñA@BñBñ Bñ°Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñÐDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû* ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ0-#ppt_w/2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû* ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû* ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñU'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñ|Dñý'ñ =ñA@BñBñ Bñ°Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñÐDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû* ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ#'ñ ô=ñ+ñë4ñ 8?ñnCñBñ!#ppt_x-#ppt_w/2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû* ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû* ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÏ4ñ 8?ñRCñBñBñCñèBñ#ppt_wBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_w<ñû* ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_hBñCñèBñ#ppt_hBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_h<ñû* ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ+à+0+ 2 ++0+ 2 ++0+ 2 ++0+ 2 +îQï €ù8»K0 …ð}°ð $ðð( ð AX ð$ð€ ð$ S ð€hù2¿ÿ h"ñ¿ð¼jøðà  2 ð žðÆ ð$ S ð€°¿ÿ h"ñ¿ðøÞÔmð<$ñD 0à 2 ð&ž¦xä0ì\ôdðD¢ ð$ ƒ ð0€8¿ƒ¿ÀÿðmÞÔÎ ð,$ñDÐ  0 𰟨tReaction profiles can be used to do numerical calculations on the energy changes that happen in chemical reactions.¡ u 2u€ÿfþðA¢ ð $ ƒ ð0€¿ƒ¿Àÿðf ÞÔÇð,$ñDÐ  0 𭟨qThe next slide shows the energy profile for the reaction between hydrogen and chlorine to form hydrogen chloride.¡ r 2r€ÿfþðB ð$ s ð*“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð 33ÿÿÿÿÿÿÌÌÌ™ÿfÌf™ÿˆ\ ŠT º___PPT10‹4 ê.+ÕL‹»Dñœ 'ñ ¹ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ DñW 'ñ ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @BñAñ?%ñ,(ñ <ñ +O%ñ,(ñ <ñ +DñŽ'ñ ·=ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñ¯'ñ =ñA@BñBñ Bñ°Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñÐDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*$ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÏ4ñ 8?ñRCñBñBñCñèBñ#ppt_wBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_w<ñû*$ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÏ4ñ 8?ñRCñBñBñCñèBñ#ppt_hBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_h<ñû*$ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÄ Dñ¯'ñ =ñA@BñBñ Bñ°Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñÐDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû* $ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÏ4ñ 8?ñRCñBñBñCñèBñ#ppt_wBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_w<ñû* $ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÏ4ñ 8?ñRCñBñBñCñèBñ#ppt_hBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_h<ñû* $ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ+p+0+$ ++0+ $ +îÌ ï €ù8»K0 Û ðÓ  ð&(ðq ð( ðü¼* ð(ðL² ð( C ð$€€AÁ axes2ð'¹sæð€ ð( S ð€Ä*¿ÿ h"ñ¿ðð   ðà   ð žð€ ð( S ð€h+¿ÿ h"ñ¿ð°ÀÀuðà  ð ž𦢠ð( “ ð6òþ€œ,¿ƒ¿ÀÿðH¦Æ¯  ð@Ÿ¨energy¡ 2€ÿÿþ𦢠ð( ƒ ð0€Ì0¿ƒ¿Àÿð@À :  ðFŸ¨ H-H, Cl-Cl¡ 2 𥢠ð( ƒ ð0€44¿ƒ¿Àÿð` ÀqZ  ðEŸ¨ Reactants¡ 2 ðXB ð(À ƒ ð0D¿ÀËjJÑÿð  0 ðXB ð(€ ƒ ð0D¿ÀËjJÐÿðа ° 𬢠ð( ƒ ð0€<8¿ƒ¿Àÿð° rj ðLŸ¨H, H, Cl, Cl (Atoms)¡ 2𢢠ð( ƒ ð0€p<¿ƒ¿Àÿð` à ¬Z  ðBŸ¨ H-Cl, H-Cl¡ 2 ð ¢ ð( ƒ ð0€l@¿ƒ¿Àÿð à 2 ð@Ÿ¨Products¡ 2 𻢠ð( ƒ ð0€äC¿ƒ¿ÀÿðuÆÞ  ð[Ÿ¨Energy taken in to break bonds.¡ 2 ÿÿþðXB ð( ƒ ð0D¿ÀÿËŸoÑÿð u @ðÁ¢ ð( ƒ ð0€ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*0J%ñ(ñDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ0-#ppt_w/2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*0JDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*0JDñ{'ñ ·=ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñ#'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñË'ñ =ñA@BñBñ Bñ°Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû* 0ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ1+#ppt_w/2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû* 0ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû* 0ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ¥'ñ ·=ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñM'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñõ'ñ =ñK@BñBñ Bñ°BñPBñ0Bñ%ñ(ñ/%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû* 0ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ0-#ppt_w/2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû* 0ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû* 0ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñƒ'ñ ·=ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñ+'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñÓ'ñ =ñA@BñBñ Bñ °Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû* 0ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ0-#ppt_w/2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû* 0ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ1+#ppt_h/2BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû* 0ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ­'ñ ·=ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñU'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñý'ñ =ñK@BñBñ Bñ°BñPBñ0Bñ%ñ(ñ/%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*0ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ1+#ppt_w/2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*0ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ1+#ppt_h/2BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*0ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñƒ'ñ ·=ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñ+'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñÓ'ñ =ñA@BñBñ Bñ °Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*0ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ0-#ppt_w/2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*0ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ0-#ppt_h/2BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*0ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ+P+0+0 ++0+ 0 ++0+ 0 ++0+ 0 ++0+0 ++0+0 +îO ï €ù8»K0 ç ðß €ðPð} ð( ð ðPðL² ðP C ð$€€AÁ axes2ð'¹sæð† ðP c ð$€ ß¿ÿ hˆ"ñ¿ðð   ðà   ð žð† ðP c ð$€ôß¿ÿ hˆ"ñ¿ð°ÀÀuðà  ð ž𦢠ðP “ ð6òþ€ˆá¿ƒ¿ÀÿðH¦Æ¯  ð@Ÿ¨energy¡ 2€ÿÿþ𦢠ðP ƒ ð0€¸å¿ƒ¿Àÿð@À :  ðFŸ¨ H-H, Cl-Cl¡ 2 𥢠ðP ƒ ð0€d•¿ƒ¿Àÿð` ÀqZ  ðEŸ¨ Reactants¡ 2 ðXB ðPÀ ƒ ð0D¿ÀËjJÑÿð  0 ðXB ð P€ ƒ ð0D¿ÀËjJÐÿðа ° 𬢠ð P ƒ ð0€ð‘¿ƒ¿Àÿð° rj ðLŸ¨H, H, Cl, Cl (Atoms)¡ 2𢢠ð P ƒ ð0€P뿃¿Àÿð` à ¬Z  ðBŸ¨ H-Cl, H-Cl¡ 2 ð ¢ ð P ƒ ð0€Ê¿ƒ¿Àÿð à 2 ð@Ÿ¨Products¡ 2 𻢠ð P ƒ ð0€Ê¿ƒ¿ÀÿðuÆÞ  ð[Ÿ¨Energy taken in to break bonds.¡ 2 ÿÿþðXB ðP ƒ ð0D¿ÀÿËŸoÑÿð u @ðÁ¢ ðP ƒ ð0€(Ê¿ƒ¿Àÿð´à îH ðaŸ¨%Energy given out when bonds are made.¡ & 2&ÿÿþðXB ðP@ ƒ ð0D¿ÀÿËŸoÑÿðP° Pb ð^B ðP@ “ ð6D¿ÀfÿfËÔ”ÐÑÿð` | € ðô¢ ðP ƒ ð0€$ Ê¿ƒ¿ÀÿðÌ ùÞ `  𔟠2Overall energy change, DðH¡F 2ÿÿþ‡ÿÿþÿÿþðXB ðP ƒ ð0D¿ÀËŸoÑÿðÐ pP 0 ðB ðP s ð*“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð 33ÿÿÿÿÿÿÌÌÌ™ÿfÌf™ÿî(ï €ù8»K0 ô ðì pð 3,ðŠ ð( ðÌlÐä«g ð,ð€ ð, S ð€ü=Ê¿ÿ h"ñ¿ð0ðà  Ê ð žðÆ ð, S ð€„DÊ¿ÿ h"ñ¿ð°€ð<$ñD 0à Ê ð&ž¦xä0ì\ôdð0¢ ð, ƒ ð0€HÊ¿ƒ¿Àÿð0€ ðП H2 + Cl2 ®ð 2HCl¡–8 22€ ÿ3þ€ ÿ3þçÿ€ ÿ3þ€ ÿ3þçÿ€ ÿ3þ€‡ ÿ3þ€ ÿ3þð¢ ð, ƒ ð0€\OÊ¿ƒ¿Àÿð0ð,$ñD 0 ðnŸ¨$ to see the reaction profile.¡.% 2€ÿÿ™þ€ÿ™3þðÌ ð, ƒ ð0…‡ƒ¿Àÿð0Ýðl$ñD 0òó U 0òóÿU 0ðG¢ ð0, ƒ ð0€tSÊ¿ƒ¿ÀÿðÀ]ð,$ñD 0 𳟨YIn this reaction one H-H bond and one Cl-Cl bond is broken and two H-Cl bonds are formed.¡>Z 2?€ÿÿþ„ÿÿþ€ÿÿþða¢ ð1, ƒ ð0€¸XÊ¿ƒ¿Àÿð€Ðÿ€l ð,$ñD 0 ðÍŸ¨ƒThe H-H bond energy is 436kJ/mol The Cl-Cl bond energy is 242kJ/mol So, the energy needed to break these bonds is 436 + 242 = 678kJ¡.! 2c0 22„€ÿÿ™þð@¢ ð2, ƒ ð0€0_Ê¿ƒ¿Àÿð 0Ðü ð,$ñD 0 𬟨fThe H-Cl bond energy is 431kJ So the energy given out when these bonds are formed is 2 x -431 = -862kJ¡* 2I g€ÿÿþðæ¢ ð3, ƒ ð0€ŒeÊ¿ƒ¿Àÿð  €ð,$ñD 0 ðRŸ öOverall change = 678  862 = -184kJ, an exothermic reaction. Next slide shows the reaction profile with these values added.¡@| 2<3Ì3þ€3Ì3þ?€3Ì3þðB ð, s ð*“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð 33ÿÿÿÿÿÿÌÌÌ™ÿfÌf™ÿˆŠº___PPT10‹óê.+½¨ŒDñ³'ñ ¹ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ Dñn'ñ ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @BñAñ?%ñ,(ñ <ñ +O%ñ,(ñ <ñ +Dñ™'ñ ·=ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñ#'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñË'ñ =ñA@BñBñ Bñ°Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*,ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ0-#ppt_w/2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*,ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*,ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñôDñ¾'ñ =ñ4@BñBñ Bñ°Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*,ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ0-#ppt_w/2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*,ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*,ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ{'ñ ·=ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñ#'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñË'ñ =ñA@BñBñ Bñ°Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*0,ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ0-#ppt_w/2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*0,ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*0,ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ{'ñ ·=ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñ#'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñË'ñ =ñA@BñBñ Bñ°Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*1,ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ0-#ppt_w/2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*1,ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*1,ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ{'ñ ·=ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñ#'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñË'ñ =ñA@BñBñ Bñ°Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*2,ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ0-#ppt_w/2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*2,ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*2,ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ{'ñ ·=ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñ#'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñË'ñ =ñA@BñBñ Bñ°Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*3,ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ0-#ppt_w/2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*3,ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*3,ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ++0+,Ê ++0+0,Ê ++0+1,Ê ++0+2,Ê ++0+3,Ê +îã ï €ù8»K0 ò ðê `ðTðˆ ð( ð ðTðL² ðT C ð$€€AÁ axes2ð'¹sæð† ðT c ð$€ –Ê¿ÿ hˆ"ñ¿ðð   ðà  Ê ð žð† ðT c ð$€t—Ê¿ÿ hˆ"ñ¿ð°ÀÀuðà Ê ð ž𦢠ðT “ ð6òþ€™Ê¿ƒ¿ÀÿðH¦Æ¯  ð@Ÿ¨energy¡ 2€ÿÿþ𦢠ðT ƒ ð0€8Ê¿ƒ¿Àÿð@À :  ðFŸ¨ H-H, Cl-Cl¡ 2 𥢠ðT ƒ ð0€è Ê¿ƒ¿Àÿð` ÀqZ  ðEŸ¨ Reactants¡ 2 ðXB ðTÀ ƒ ð0D¿ÀËjJÑÿð  0 ðXB ð T€ ƒ ð0D¿ÀËjJÐÿðа ° 𬢠ð T ƒ ð0€„¥Ê¿ƒ¿Àÿð° rj ðLŸ¨H, H, Cl, Cl (Atoms)¡ 2𢢠ð T ƒ ð0€¬©Ê¿ƒ¿Àÿð` à ¬Z  ðBŸ¨ H-Cl, H-Cl¡ 2 ð ¢ ð T ƒ ð0€X­Ê¿ƒ¿Àÿð à 2 ð@Ÿ¨Products¡ 2 ðXB ðT ƒ ð0D¿ÀÿËŸoÑÿð  @悁ðT ƒ ð0€²Ê¿ƒ¿Àÿð´à î› ðOŸ¨Energy out = -862kJ¡  2ÿÿþðXB ðT@ ƒ ð0D¿ÀÿËŸoÑÿð›° òb ð^B ðT@ “ ð6D¿ÀfÿfËÔ”ÐÑÿð` | € ð¢ ðT ƒ ð0€X¶Ê¿ƒ¿ÀÿðÌ ùÞ  𲟠DOverall energy change, DðH = -184kJ¡R 2 ÿÿþ ‡ÿÿþÿÿþðXB ðT ƒ ð0D¿ÀËŸoÑÿðÐ pP 0 𺢠ðT ƒ ð0€½Ê¿ƒ¿Àÿðwùp  ðZŸ¨Energy in = +678kJ¡, 2 ÿÿþðB ðT s ð*“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð 33ÿÿÿÿÿÿÌÌÌ™ÿfÌf™ÿˆŠyº___PPT10‹Y+Dñ='ñ ¹ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +î¦ï €ù8»K0 þðö ð \ð”ð( ð ð\ð† ð\ c ð$€ÐFÖ¿ÿ hˆ"ñ¿ðàù< ðà  Ö ð žðÌ ð\ c ð$€ìXÖ¿ÿ hˆ"ñ¿ð}œ~uð<$ñ  0à Ö ð&ž¦xä0ì\ôd𥢠ð\ ƒ ð0€”;Ö¿ƒ¿ÀÿðIÅÞÝ ðEŸ¨Summary¡"( 2…$ÿ™3þðÔ¢ ð\ ƒ ð0€lÖ¿ƒ¿Àÿð@a” ðtŸ¨8Bond breaking is endothermic, bond making is exothermic.¡ 9 29€ÿÿþð¢ ð \ ƒ ð0€lÖ¿ƒ¿Àÿ𠠀Π𳟨wThe energy changes in a chemical reaction can be represented using energy level diagrams and reaction profile diagrams.¡ x 2x€ðV¢ ð \ ƒ ð0€”Ö¿ƒ¿Àÿð ùõ ðDˆ<Š4º___PPT9‹¬ 𪟨DAn endothermic bond breaking stage. 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